Ukuvavanywa kobungqina yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokugcinwa kwentembeko yokhuseleko lweenkqubo zethu ezinezixhobo zokhuseleko (SIS) kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nokhuseleko (umz. ii-alam ezibalulekileyo, iinkqubo zomlilo & negesi, iinkqubo zokudibanisa izixhobo, njl. njl.). Uvavanyo lobungqina luvavanyo lwamaxesha athile lokubona ukusilela okuyingozi, ukuvavanya ukusebenza okunxulumene nokhuseleko (umz. ukusetwa kwakhona, ukudlula, ii-alam, ukuxilongwa, ukuvalwa kwezandla, njl.njl.), kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo idibana nemigangatho yenkampani kunye nengaphandle. Iziphumo zovavanyo lobungqina zikwangumlinganiselo wokusebenza kwenkqubo ye-SIS yentembeko yoomatshini kunye nokuthembeka kwendawo yenkqubo.
Iinkqubo zovavanyo lobungqina zibandakanya amanyathelo ovavanyo ukusuka ekufumaneni iimvume, ukwenza izaziso kunye nokukhupha inkqubo ngaphandle kwenkonzo yovavanyo ukuya ekuqinisekiseni uvavanyo olubanzi, ukubhala uvavanyo lobungqina kunye neziphumo zayo, ukubuyisela inkqubo kwinkonzo, kunye nokuvavanya iziphumo zovavanyo lwangoku kunye nobungqina bangaphambili. iziphumo zovavanyo.
I-ANSI/ISA/IEC 61511-1, iGatya le-16, libandakanya uvavanyo lobungqina be-SIS. Ingxelo yobugcisa ye-ISA TR84.00.03 – “Integimenti yeMechanical Integrity of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS),” ibandakanya uvavanyo lobungqina kwaye ngoku iphantsi kohlaziyo kunye nenguqulelo entsha elindeleke ukuba iphume kungekudala. Ingxelo yobuchwephesha be-ISA TR96.05.02 – “Uvavanyo loBubungqina be-In-situ yeeValuvu eziSebenzayo” okwangoku iphantsi kophuhliso.
Ingxelo ye-UK HSE ye-CRR 428 / 2002 - "Imigaqo yokuvavanya ubungqina beenkqubo ezikhuselekileyo zokhuseleko kwishishini lemichiza" inikeza ulwazi malunga novavanyo lobungqina kunye nokuba yintoni iinkampani ezenzayo e-UK.
Inkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina isekelwe kuhlalutyo lweendlela eziyingozi zokusilela ezaziwayo zecandelo ngalinye kwindlela yohambo yesixhobo sokhuseleko (SIF), ukusebenza kwe-SIF njengenkqubo, kunye nendlela (kwaye ukuba) yokuvavanya ukusilela okuyingozi. indlela. Uphuhliso lwenkqubo kufuneka luqale kwisigaba soyilo lwe-SIF kunye noyilo lwenkqubo, ukhetho lwamacandelo, kunye nokumiselwa kwexesha kunye nendlela yokuvavanya ubungqina. Izixhobo ze-SIS zinamanqanaba ahlukeneyo obunzima bokuvavanya ubungqina ekufuneka buthathelwe ingqalelo kuyilo lwe-SIF, ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa. Umzekelo, iimitha ze-orifice kunye nezidlulisi zoxinzelelo zilula ukuvavanya kune-Coriolis mass flowmeters, i-mag metres okanye i- through-the-air radar sensors. Usetyenziso kunye noyilo lwevalvu lunokuchaphazela ukuqondakala kovavanyo lobungqina bevalvu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusilela okuyingozi kunye nokuqala ngenxa yokuthotywa, ukuplaga okanye ukusilela okuxhomekeke kwixesha akukhokheli ekusileleni okubalulekileyo kwixesha elikhethiweyo lovavanyo.
Ngelixa iinkqubo zovavanyo lobungqina ziphuhliswa ngokwesiqhelo ngexesha lobunjineli be-SIF, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwakhona lisiza se-SIS UGunyaziwe woBugcisa, uSebenzi kunye namagcisa esixhobo aya kwenza uvavanyo. Ucazululo lokhuseleko lomsebenzi (JSA) kufuneka nalo lwenziwe. Kubalulekile ukufumana isityalo ekuthengeni ukuba loluphi uvavanyo oluya kwenziwa kwaye nini, kunye nokunokwenzeka kwabo ngokomzimba kunye nokhuseleko. Umzekelo, akuncedi nto ukucacisa uvavanyo lwe-partial-stroke xa iqela leMisebenzi lingavuma ukuyenza. Kukwacetyiswa ukuba iinkqubo zovavanyo lobungqina zijongwe kwakhona yingcali yesifundo esizimeleyo (SME). Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo olufunekayo kuvavanyo olupheleleyo lobungqina bokusebenza lubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1.
Iimfuno zovavanyo lobungqina bokusebenza ngokupheleleyo Umfanekiso woku-1: Inkcazo yovavanyo olupheleleyo lobungqina bomsebenzi wesixhobo sokhuseleko (SIF) kunye nenkqubo yesixhobo sokhuseleko (SIS) kufuneka ichaze okanye ibhekisele kumanyathelo alandelelanayo ukusuka kumalungiselelo ovavanyo kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo ukuya kwizaziso kunye namaxwebhu. .
Umzobo 1: Inkcazo epheleleyo yovavanyo lobungqina bokusebenza kwesixhobo sokhuseleko (SIF) kunye nenkqubo yayo yokhuseleko (SIS) kufuneka ichaze okanye ibhekiselele kumanyathelo alandelelanayo ukusuka kumalungiselelo ovavanyo kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo ukuya kwizaziso kunye namaxwebhu.
Uvavanyo lobungqina linyathelo lokulondoloza elicwangcisiweyo ekufuneka lenziwe ngabasebenzi abanobuchule abaqeqeshwe kuvavanyo lwe-SIS, inkqubo yobungqina, kunye neelophu ze-SIS baya kuvavanya. Kufuneka kubekho ukuhamba-hamba kwenkqubo phambi kokwenza uvavanyo lokuqala lobungqina, kunye nengxelo kwisiza seSIS UGunyaziwe woBugcisa emva koko ukwenzela uphuculo okanye izilungiso.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokungaphumeleli eziphambili (ezikhuselekileyo okanye eziyingozi), eziye zahlulahlulwe kwiindlela ezine-eziyingozi ezingabonakaliyo, ezinobungozi ezifunyenweyo (ngokuxilongwa), zikhuselekile kwaye zifunyenwe zikhuselekile. Amagama angaphumeleliyo ayingozi kwaye ayingozi asetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo kweli nqaku.
Kuvavanyo lobungqina be-SIF, sinomdla ikakhulu kwiindlela zokungaphumeleli ezinobungozi ezingabonwayo, kodwa ukuba kukho uxilongo lomsebenzisi olufumanisa ukusilela okuyingozi, olu vavanyo kufuneka luvavanywe. Qaphela ukuba ngokungafaniyo noxilongo lomsebenzisi, uxilongo lwangaphakathi lwesixhobo alunakuqinisekiswa njengolusebenzayo ngumsebenzisi, kwaye oku kunokuba nefuthe kwifilosofi yovavanyo lobungqina. Xa ikhredithi yokuxilonga ithathwa kwizibalo ze-SIL, ii-alam zokuxilonga (umz. ii-alam eziphuma kuluhlu) kufuneka zivavanywe njengenxalenye yovavanyo lobungqina.
Iimowudi zokungaphumeleli zingahlulwa zibe kwezo zivavanyiweyo ngexesha lovavanyo lobungqina, ezo zingavavanywanga, kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuqala okanye ukungaphumeleli okuxhomekeke kwixesha. Ezinye iindlela ezinobungozi zokungaphumeleli zisenokungavavanywa ngokuthe ngqo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo (umzekelo, ubunzima, ubunjineli okanye isigqibo sokusebenza, ukungazi, ukungakwazi, ukungenzi okanye ukwenza iimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo, amathuba aphantsi okwenzeka, njl. njl.). Ukuba kukho iindlela zokungaphumeleli ezaziwayo ezingayi kuvavanywa, imbuyekezo kufuneka yenziwe kuyilo lwesixhobo, inkqubo yovavanyo, ukutshintshwa kwesixhobo ngamaxesha athile okanye ukwakhiwa kwakhona, kunye/okanye uvavanyo olungeyonyani kufuneka lwenziwe ukunciphisa isiphumo kwingqibelelo ye-SIF yokungavavanyi.
Ukungaphumeleli kokuqala yimeko ethoba isidima okanye imeko apho ukusilela okubalulekileyo, okuyingozi kunokulindeleka ukuba kwenzeke ukuba amanyathelo okulungisa awathathwanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Zibonwa ngokuthelekisa ukusebenza novavanyo lwamva nje okanye lokuqala lwebenchmark (umzekelo, iisignisha zevalvu okanye amaxesha okuphendula kwevalvu) okanye ngokuhlolwa (umzekelo, izibuko lenkqubo eplagiweyo). Ukungaphumeleli kokuqala kudla ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha-okukhona isixhobo okanye indibano ikwinkonzo, kokukhona sisonakala; iimeko eziququzelela ukungaphumeleli okungacwangciswanga kuye kwenzeke ngakumbi, inkqubo yokuplaga izibuko okanye isivamvo sokwakha emva kwexesha, ubomi obuluncedo buphelile, njl. Nakuphi na ukukhuselwa ngokuchasene nokusilela okwaqalayo kwakhona kufuneka kuvavanywe ubungqina (ukucoca izibuko, ukulandelwa kobushushu, njl. njl.).
Iinkqubo mazibhalwe kuvavanyo lobungqina bokungaphumeleli okuyingozi (okungabhaqwanga). Imodi yokungaphumeleli kunye nohlalutyo lwesiphumo (FMEA) okanye imodi yokungaphumeleli, i-effect and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA) iindlela zobuchule zinokunceda ukuchonga ukungaphumeleli okuyingozi okungabonakaliyo, kwaye apho ubungqina bokuvavanya ubungqina kufuneka buphuculwe.
Uninzi lweenkqubo zovavanyo lobungqina zibhalwe ngamava asekelwe kumava kunye neetemplates kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo. Iinkqubo ezintsha kunye nee-SIF ezintsonkothileyo zibiza indlela enobunjineli ngakumbi usebenzisa i-FMEA/FMEDA ukuhlalutya ukungaphumeleli okuyingozi, ukumisela ukuba inkqubo yovavanyo iya okanye ayiyi kuvavanya njani loo ntsilelo, kunye nokugubungela iimvavanyo. Umzobo webhloko yebhloki yokungaphumeleli kwinqanaba le-macro-level ye-sensor iboniswe kwi-Figure 2. I-FMEA ifuna ukuba yenziwe kube kanye kuphela kuhlobo oluthile lwesixhobo kwaye iphinde isetyenziswe kwizixhobo ezifanayo ngokuqwalasela inkqubo yabo yenkonzo, ukufakela kunye nezakhono zokuvavanya indawo. .
Uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli kwinqanaba elikhulu Umfanekiso 2: Lo mzobo webhloko yohlalutyo lokungaphumeleli kwinqanaba le-macro-level ye-sensor kunye ne-pressure transmitter (PT) ibonisa imisebenzi emikhulu eya kuthi iqhekezwe ibe yi-multiple micro failures uhlalutyo ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo ukusilela okunokuthi kulungiswe. kwiimvavanyo zomsebenzi.
Umzobo 2: Lo mzobo wokuhlalutya imowudi yokungaphumeleli kwinqanaba le-macro-level ye-block diagram ye-sensor kunye ne-pressure transmitter (PT) ibonisa imisebenzi emikhulu eya ngokuqhelekileyo ihlulwe ibe yi-multiple micro failure ihlalutya ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo ukungaphumeleli okunokuthi kubhekiswe kwiimvavanyo zomsebenzi.
Ipesenti yokusilela okwaziwayo, okuyingozi, okungabhaqwanga okuvavanyiweyo kubizwa ngokuba yi-proof test coverage (PTC). I-PTC iqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizibalo ze-SIL “ukubuyekeza” ngokusilela ukuvavanya ngokupheleleyo i-SIF. Abantu banenkolelo ephosakeleyo yokuba ngenxa yokuba bethathele ingqalelo ukunqongophala kokhuseleko lovavanyo kubalo lwabo lwe-SIL, baye bayila i-SIF ethembekileyo. Inyaniso ecacileyo yeyokuba, ukuba uvavanyo lwakho luyi-75%, kwaye ukuba ulilinganise elo nani kwi-SIL yakho yokubala kunye nokuvavanya izinto osele uzivavanya rhoqo, i-25% yokusilela okuyingozi kusengenzeka ngokwezibalo. Ngokuqinisekileyo andifuni kuba kuloo 25%.
Iingxelo zokuvunywa kwe-FMEDA kunye neencwadana zokhuseleko zezixhobo ngokuqhelekileyo zibonelela ngenkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina obuncinane kunye novavanyo lobungqina. Ezi zibonelela ngesikhokelo kuphela, ayingawo onke amanyathelo ovavanyo afunekayo kwinkqubo yovavanyo olubanzi lobungqina. Ezinye iintlobo zokuhlalutya ukusilela, ezifana nohlalutyo lwefault tree kunye nokuthembeka okusembindini wolondolozo, nazo zisetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukusilela okuyingozi.
Iimvavanyo zobungqina zinokuhlulwa zibe zisebenza ngokupheleleyo (ekupheleni-ekupheleni) okanye uvavanyo oluyinxenye (umzobo 3). Uvavanyo oluyinxenye olusebenzayo luqhele ukwenziwa xa amacandelo e-SIF enamathuba ovavanyo ahlukeneyo kwizibalo ze-SIL ezingahambelani nokuvalwa okucwangcisiweyo okanye ujiko. Kubalulekile ukuba iinkqubo zovavanyo lobungqina obungaphelelanga bokusebenza zikhawulelana kangangokuba zikunye zivavanye konke ukusebenza kokhuseleko lwe-SIF. Ngovavanyo oluyinxenye olusebenzayo, kusenziwa isincomo sokuba i-SIF ibe novavanyo lobungqina bokuphela ukuya ekupheleni, kunye nolulandelayo ngexesha lotshintsho.
Iimvavanyo zobungqina obungaphelelanga kufuneka bongeze uMfanekiso 3: Iimvavanyo zobungqina obungaphelelanga ezidityanisiweyo (ezantsi) kufuneka zibandakanye yonke imisebenzi yovavanyo lobungqina obusebenzayo (phezulu).
Umzobo 3: Iimvavanyo zobungqina obungaphelelanga ezidityanisiweyo (ezantsi) kufuneka zibandakanye yonke imisebenzi yovavanyo lobungqina obusebenzayo (phezulu).
Uvavanyo lobungqina obuyinxenye luvavanya kuphela ipesenti yeendlela zokungaphumeleli kwesixhobo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo luvavanyo lwevalvu ye-partial-stroke, apho ivalve ishenxiswa imali encinci (10-20%) ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayibambekanga. Oku kunokhuselo lobungqina obusezantsi kunovavanyo lobungqina kwixesha lovavanyo lokuqala.
Iinkqubo zovavanyo lobungqina zinokwahluka ngokuntsokotha kunye nobunzima be-SIF kunye nefilosofi yenkqubo yovavanyo lwenkampani. Ezinye iinkampani zibhala iinkqubo zovavanyo ezineenkcukacha zenyathelo nenyathelo, ngelixa ezinye zineenkqubo ezimfutshane. Iireferensi kwezinye iinkqubo, ezifana nokulinganisa okusemgangathweni, ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubungakanani benkqubo yokuvavanya ubungqina kunye nokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kuvavanyo. Inkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina obulungileyo kufuneka inike iinkcukacha ezaneleyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba lonke uvavanyo lufezekisiwe kwaye lubhalwe ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa hayi iinkcukacha ezingako ukwenza ukuba amagcisa afune ukutsiba amanyathelo. Ukuba nochwepheshe, onoxanduva lokwenza inyathelo lovavanyo, okokuqala inyathelo lovavanyo olugqityiweyo lunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uvavanyo luya kwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo. Ukusayinwa kovavanyo lobungqina obugqityiweyo yiSuphavayiza yeZixhobo nabameli boMsebenzi kwakhona kuya kugxininisa ukubaluleka nokuqinisekisa uvavanyo lobungqina obuzaliswe ngokufanelekileyo.
Ingxelo yengcali kufuneka ihlale imenywa ukunceda ukuphucula inkqubo. Impumelelo yenkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina ilele kwinxalenye enkulu kwizandla zobuchwephesha, ngoko ke inzame yentsebenziswano iyacetyiswa kakhulu.
Uninzi lovavanyo lobungqina luqhele ukwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-intanethi ngexesha lokuvalwa okanye ukujika. Kwezinye iimeko, uvavanyo lobungqina lunokufuneka lwenziwe kwi-intanethi ngelixa ubaleka ukwanelisa izibalo ze-SIL okanye ezinye iimfuno. Uvavanyo lwe-Intanethi lufuna ukucwangciswa kunye nolungelelwaniso kunye neMisebenzi ukuvumela uvavanyo lobungqina ukuba lwenziwe ngokukhuselekileyo, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo, kwaye ngaphandle kokubangela uhambo oluyinkohliso. Kuthatha uhambo olunye kuphela olukhohlisayo ukusebenzisa zonke ii-attaboys zakho. Ngethuba lolu hlobo lovavanyo, xa i-SIF ingafumaneki ngokupheleleyo ukwenza umsebenzi wayo wokhuseleko, i-61511-1, iGatya 11.8.5, ithi "Amanyathelo okubuyisela aqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokusebenza okukhuselekileyo kuya kubonelelwa ngokuhambelana ne-11.3 xa i-SIS ingaphakathi ukudlula (ukulungisa okanye ukuvavanywa).” Inkqubo yokulawula imeko engaqhelekanga kufuneka ihambe nenkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba oku kwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo.
I-SIF yohlulwe ngokwesiqhelo ibe ngamacandelo amathathu aphambili: abenzi boluvo, abasombululi bengqiqo kunye nezinto zokugqibela. Kukwakho nezixhobo ezincedisayo ezinokudityaniswa kwindawo nganye kula macandelo mathathu (umz. izithintelo ze-IS, ii-trip amps, ii-interposing relays, i-solenoids, njl. njl.) ekufuneka nazo zivavanywe. Imiba ebalulekileyo yovavanyo lobungqina nganye kwezi teknoloji inokufumaneka kwibar esecaleni, "Iinzwa zokuvavanya, izisombululi zengqiqo kunye nezinto zokugqibela" (ngezantsi).
Ezinye izinto zilula ukuvavanywa kobungqina kunezinye. Uninzi lwale mihla kunye neeteknoloji ezimbalwa zakudala kunye nenqanaba letekhnoloji likudidi olunzima ngakumbi. Ezi ziquka ii-flowmeters ze-Coriolis, iimitha ze-vortex, iimitha ze-mag, i-radar yomoya, inqanaba le-ultrasonic, kunye nokutshintsha kwenkqubo ye-in-situ, ukubiza ezimbalwa. Ngethamsanqa, uninzi lwezi ngoku luphucule uxilongo oluvumela uvavanyo oluphuculweyo.
Ubunzima bokuvavanya ubungqina kweso sixhobo kwintsimi kufuneka siqwalaselwe kuyilo lwe-SIF. Kulula kubunjineli ukukhetha izixhobo ze-SIF ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ngokunzulu oko kuya kufuneka kuvavanyo lokuvavanya isixhobo, kuba abayi kuba ngabantu abavavanyayo. Oku kukwayinyaniso ngovavanyo lwe-stroke oluyinxenye, oluyindlela eqhelekileyo yokuphucula umndilili we-SIF wokusilela kwimfuno (PFDavg), kodwa kamva kwiplanti Imisebenzi ayifuni ukuyenza, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ayinakuyenza. Ngalo lonke ixesha bonelela ngolongamelo lweplanti yobunjineli bee-SIFs malunga novavanyo lobungqina.
Uvavanyo lobungqina kufuneka lubandakanye ukuhlolwa kofakelo lwe-SIF kunye nokulungiswa njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuhlangabezana ne-61511-1, iGatya 16.3.2. Kufuneka kubekho uhlolo lokugqibela lokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ifakwe amaqhosha, kwaye kujongwe kabini ukuba i-SIF ibuyiselwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinkonzo yenkqubo.
Ukubhala nokuphumeza inkqubo yovavanyo elungileyo linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwe-SIF kubomi bayo bonke. Inkqubo yovavanyo kufuneka inike iinkcukacha ezaneleyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ezifunekayo zenziwa ngokungaguqukiyo nangokukhuselekileyo kwaye zibhalwe. Iintsilelo eziyingozi ezingavavanywanga ngovavanyo lobungqina kufuneka zibuyekezwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukhuseleko lwe-SIF lugcinwe ngokufanelekileyo kubomi bayo bonke.
Ukubhala inkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina obulungileyo kufuna indlela enengqiqo kuhlalutyo lobunjineli bokungaphumeleli okunokuba yingozi, ukukhetha iindlela, nokubhala amanyathelo ovavanyo lobungqina angaphakathi kwisakhono sovavanyo lweplanti. Endleleni, fumana ukuthengwa kwezityalo kuwo onke amanqanaba ovavanyo, kwaye uqeqeshe amagcisa ukuba enze kwaye abhale uvavanyo lobungqina kunye nokuqonda ukubaluleka kovavanyo. Bhala imiyalelo ngokungathi ubuligcisa lesixhobo eliya kufuneka lenze umsebenzi, kwaye ubomi buxhomekeke ekufumaneni uvavanyo oluchanekileyo, kuba benza njalo.
Ukuvavanya abenzi boluvo, abasombululi bengqiqo kunye nezinto zokugqibela I-SIF yohlulwe ngokwesiqhelo yangamacandelo amathathu aphambili, abenzi boluvo, abasombululi bengqiqo kunye nezinto zokugqibela. Kukwakho nezixhobo ezincedisayo ezinokunxulunyaniswa kwindawo nganye kwezi zintathu (umz. izithintelo ze-IS, ii-amps zohambo, ii-interposing relays, i-solenoids, njl.njl.) ekufuneka nazo zivavanywe. Iimvavanyo zobungqina beSensor: Uvavanyo lobungqina boluvo kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba Uluvo luyakwazi ukubona inkqubo eguquguqukayo kuluhlu lwayo olupheleleyo kwaye idlulisele isignali efanelekileyo kwi-SIS logic solver ukuze ivavanywe. Ngelixa zingabandakanyiyo, ezinye zezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ekudaleni i-sensor inxalenye yenkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina zinikezelwe kwiThebhile 1. Itheyibhile 1: Iingqwalaselo zovavanyo lwe-Sensor Iprosesa izibuko zicocekile / inkqubo yokukhangela i-interface, i-buildup ebalulekileyo iqatshelwe ukuhlola kwangaphakathi ukuxilongwa, kuqhuba ixesha elide. Uxilongo ukuba lukhona Ulungelelwaniso lweSensor (inqaku le-5) ngegalelo lenkqubo efanisiweyo kwisivamvo, ingqinwe ukuya kwi-DCS, i-drift check point yohambo khangela i-High/High-High/Low/Low-Low-Low alarms Redundancy, ukuthotywa kokuvota Ngaphandle koluhlu, ukutenxa, ukuxilonga. i-alam Ukudlula kunye nee-alam, ukunqanda Ukuxilongwa koMsebenzisi Isidluliseli UkuFail uqwalaselo oluKhuselekileyo oluqinisekisiweyo Uvavanyo oluhambelana neenkqubo (umzekelo, ukucocwa, ukukhangela ubushushu, njl. njl.) kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo Uhlolo lomzimba Gqibezela amaxwebhu afunyenweyo kunye nasekhohlo Uvavanyo lobungqina bokusombulula: Xa ubungqina busebenza ngokupheleleyo. uvavanyo lwenziwa, inxalenye yomsombululi wengqiqo ekufezekiseni isenzo sokhuseleko se-SIF kunye neentshukumo ezinxulumeneyo (umzekelo, ii-alam, ukusetha kwakhona, ukudlula, ukuxilongwa kwabasebenzisi, ukungabikho komsebenzi, i-HMI, njl. njl.) ziyavavanywa. Iimvavanyo zobungqina obungaphelelanga okanye obuyintwana kufuneka baphumeze zonke ezi mvavanyo njengenxalenye yovavanyo lobungqina obudibanayo. Umenzi wesisombululo sengqiqo kufuneka abe nenkqubo ecetyiswayo yovavanyo lobungqina kwincwadi yokhuseleko lwesixhobo. Ukuba akunjalo kwaye ubuncinci, amandla okusombulula ingqiqo kufuneka ajikeleziswe, kwaye iirejista zokuxilonga ze-logic, izibane zesimo, umbane wombane, amakhonkco onxibelelwano kunye nokungafuneki kufuneka kuhlolwe. Olu vavanyo kufuneka lwenziwe ngaphambi kovavanyo olupheleleyo lobungqina.Musa ukwenza ukucinga ukuba isofthiwe ilungile ngonaphakade kwaye ingqiqo ayifuni ukuvavanywa emva kovavanyo lokuqala lobungqina njengento engabhalwanga, engagunyaziswanga kwaye ingavavanywanga kunye notshintsho lwe-hardware kunye nesofthiwe. uhlaziyo lungangena kwiinkqubo ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye kufuneka lufakwe kwifilosofi yakho yovavanyo lobungqina. Ulawulo lotshintsho, ukugcinwa, kunye nohlaziyo lwelog kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisexesheni kwaye zigcinwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ukuba ziyakwazi, inkqubo yesicelo kufuneka ithelekiswe nogcino lwamva nje.Ukhathalelo kufuneka kwakhona kuthatyathwe ukuvavanya yonke ingqiqo yomsebenzisi. imisebenzi encedisayo yokusombulula kunye nokuxilonga (umzekelo, ii-watchdogs, iilinki zonxibelelwano, izixhobo ze-cybersecurity, njl. njl.). ii-breakers zikwasetyenziswa njengezinto zokugqibela kunye neendlela zabo zokungaphumeleli kufuneka zihlalutywe kwaye zivavanywe ubungqina.Iindlela zokungaphumeleli eziphambili kwiivalvu ziyaxinga, ixesha lokuphendula licotha kakhulu okanye likhawuleza kakhulu, kunye nokuvuza, zonke ezo zichatshazelwa yinkqubo yokusebenza yevalve. ngexesha lohambo. Ngelixa ukuvavanya ivalve kwiimeko zokusebenza kuyeyona meko inqwenelekayo, Imisebenzi ingachaswa ngokubanzi ukukhubeka i-SIF ngelixa umatshini usebenza. Uninzi lweevalvu ze-SIS zivavanywa ngexa iplanti isezantsi kunoxinzelelo lolwahlulo oluyiqanda, oluyeyona nto ifunekayo kwiimeko zokusebenza. Umsebenzisi kufuneka aqaphele owona msebenzi unzima kakhulu woxinzelelo kunye nevalve kunye nenkqubo yokuthotywa kwemiphumo, ekufuneka ifakwe kwivalve kunye noyilo lwe-actuator kunye nobukhulu. I-thrust/torque margin yongezwa kwi-valve actuator kwaye uvavanyo lokusebenza olungenantsingiselo luyenziwa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo olusisiseko. Imizekelo yolu vavanyo lungenangqiqo kulapho ixesha lokuphendula kwevalve libekwe ixesha, indawo ekrelekrele okanye isilawuli sevalve yedijithali isetyenziselwa ukurekhoda uxinzelelo lwevalvu/igophe lendawo okanye utyikityo, okanye ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwenziwa ngexesha lovavanyo lobungqina kwaye xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo zovavanyo lwangaphambili okanye iziseko zokubona ukuthotywa kokusebenza kwevalvu, ebonisa ukusilela okunokubakho. Kwakhona, ukuba ukucinywa kuvaliwe (i-TSO) kuyimfuneko, ukuphulula nje isivalo akusayi kuvavanya ukuvuza kwaye uvavanyo lokuvuza kwevalve ngamaxesha athile luya kufuneka lwenziwe. I-ISA TR96.05.02 ijolise ekuboneleleni ngesikhokelo kumanqanaba amane awohlukeneyo ovavanyo lweevalvu ze-SIS kunye nokhuseleko lwazo oluqhelekileyo lovavanyo, ngokusekelwe kwindlela olusetyenziswa ngayo uvavanyo. Abantu (ingakumbi abasebenzisi) bayakhuthazwa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwale ngxelo yobugcisa (fota crobinson@isa.org). Amaqondo obushushu akwindawo ekwindawo ephakathi angachaphazela imithwalo yevalve yokukhuhlana, ukuze iivalvu zokuvavanya kwimozulu eshushu zibe ngowona mthwalo uncinci unzima xa xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenza kwemozulu ebandayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvavanywa kobungqina beevalvu kubushushu obuhambelanayo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukunika idatha engaguqukiyo yovavanyo olungenangqiqo ukumisela ukuthotywa komgangatho wokusebenza kwevalve. isetyenziselwa ukujonga ukuthotywa ekusebenzeni kwevalvu. Isiginitsha yevalve esisiseko inokucelwa njengenxalenye yeodolo yakho yokuthenga okanye ungenza enye ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqala lobungqina ukuze usebenze njengesiseko. Isiginitsha yevalve kufuneka yenziwe kuzo zombini ukuvulwa kunye nokuvalwa kwevalve. Uxilongo lwevalvu ekwinqanaba eliphezulu kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukuba lukhona. Oku kunokukunceda ukukuxelela ukuba ukusebenza kwevalve yakho kuyehla ngokuthelekisa utyikityo lwevalvu yobungqina obulandelayo kunye noxilongo kunye nesiseko sakho. Olu hlobo lovavanyo lunokunceda ukuhlawulela ukungavavanyi i-valve kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu zoxinzelelo.Isiginesha yevalve ngexesha lovavanyo lobungqina lungakwazi ukurekhoda ixesha lokuphendula kunye nezitampu zexesha, ukususa imfuno yesitophuwashi. Ukunyuka kwexesha lokuphendula luphawu lokuhla kwevalve kunye nokwanda komthwalo wokukhuhlana ukuhambisa ivalve. Ngelixa kungekho migangatho malunga notshintsho kwixesha lokuphendula kwevalvu, ipateni engalunganga yotshintsho ukusuka kuvavanyo lobungqina ukuya kuvavanyo lobungqina lubonisa ilahleko enokubakho yomda wokhuseleko lwevalvu kunye nokusebenza. Uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa ivalvu ye-SIS yanamhlanje kufuneka luquke utyikityo lwevalvu njengombandela wobunjineli obulungileyo.Isixhobo sevalvu yoxinzelelo lomoya kufuneka silinganiswe ngexesha lovavanyo lobungqina. Ngelixa i-valve yasentwasahlobo yevalve yokubuyisela i-spring iyinto evala ivalve, amandla okanye i-torque ebandakanyekayo imiselwa ukuba ingakanani i-valve spring inxiniswe luxinzelelo lonikezelo lwevalvu (ngoMthetho weHooke, F = kX). Ukuba uxinzelelo lwakho lokubonelela luphantsi, intwasahlobo ayiyi kucinezela kakhulu, ngoko ke amandla amancinci aya kufumaneka ukuhambisa ivalve xa kufuneka. Ngelixa zingabandakanyiyo, ezinye zezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ekudaleni isahlulo sevalvu yenkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina zinikwe kwiTheyibhile 2. Itheyibhile 2: Iingqwalaselo zendibano yevalve yesiqalelo sokugqibela Uvavanyo lwesenzo sokhuseleko lwevalvu kwinkqubo yokusebenza yoxinzelelo (engcono kodwa engenziwanga), kunye nexesha ixesha lokuphendula kwevalve. Qinisekisa ukungafuneki kovavanyo lwesenzo sokhuseleko lwevalvu kuxinzelelo lwezero umahluko kunye nexesha lokuphendula levalve yexesha. Qinisekisa ukungafuneki kwemisebenzi Yenza isiginitsha yevalve kunye noxilongo njengenxalenye yovavanyo lobungqina kwaye uthelekise nesiseko kunye novavanyo lwangaphambili Jonga ngokubonakalayo isenzo sevalvu (isenzo esifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokungcangcazela okungaqhelekanga okanye ingxolo, njl. njl.). Qinisekisa indawo yevalvu kunye nesalathisi sendawo kwi-DCS Ngokupheleleyo ukubetha ivalve ubuncinci amaxesha amahlanu ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqinisekisa ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwevalve. (Oku akwenzelwanga ukulungisa iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuthotywa okanye iintsilelo zokuqala). Ukuphonononga iirekhodi zogcino lwevalve ukuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na utshintsho luyahlangabezana nemigaqo yevalve efunekayo ye-SRS Uvavanyo loxilongo lweenkqubo zokuya kuhambo lokuvuza Uvavanyo lokuvuza ukuba Cima Tight Cima (TSO) iyafuneka Qinisekisa umyalelo awuvumi ukusebenza kwe-alam Hlola ukudityaniswa kwevalve kunye nezangaphakathi Susa, uvavanyo kunye nokwakha kwakhona njengoko kuyimfuneko Gqibezela njengoko kufunyenwe nanjengoko-kwekhohlo amaxwebhu I-Solenoids Vavanya ukukhupha umoya ukunika ixesha lokuphendula elifunekayo Vavanya ukusebenza kwe-solenoid ngesilawuli sevalvu yedijithali okanye isimiseli esikrelekrele Qinisekisa ukusebenza okungafunekiyo kwe-solenoid (umz. 1oo2, 2oo3) Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Interposing Qinisekisa ukusebenza okuchanekileyo, uhlolo lwesixhobo
I-SIF yohlulwe ngokwesiqhelo yangamacandelo amathathu aphambili, abenzi boluvo, abasombululi bengqiqo kunye nezinto zokugqibela. Kukwakho nezixhobo ezincedisayo ezinokudityaniswa kwindawo nganye kula macandelo mathathu (umz. izithintelo ze-IS, ii-trip amps, ii-interposing relays, i-solenoids, njl. njl.) ekufuneka nazo zivavanywe.
Iimvavanyo zobungqina be-Sensor: Uvavanyo lobungqina be-sensor kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba i-sensor inokubona inkqubo eguquguqukayo phezu koluhlu olupheleleyo kwaye idlulisele isignali efanelekileyo kwi-SIS logic solver ukuze ihlolwe. Ngelixa zingabandakanyiyo, ezinye zezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ekudaleni inxenye yoluvo lwenkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina zinikwe kwiTheyibhile yoku-1.
Uvavanyo lobungqina bokusonjululwa kwengqiqo: Xa uvavanyo lobungqina obupheleleyo lwenziwe, inxalenye yesisombululi sengqiqo ekuphumezeni isenzo sokhuseleko se-SIF kunye neentshukumo ezinxulumeneyo (umzekelo, ii-alam, ukusetha kwakhona, ukudlula, ukuxilongwa komsebenzisi, ukungafuneki, i-HMI, njl. njl.) ziyavavanywa. Iimvavanyo zobungqina obungaphelelanga okanye obuyintwana kufuneka baphumeze zonke ezi mvavanyo njengenxalenye yovavanyo lobungqina obudibanayo. Umenzi wesisombululo sengqiqo kufuneka abe nenkqubo ecetyiswayo yovavanyo lobungqina kwincwadi yokhuseleko lwesixhobo. Ukuba akunjalo kwaye ubuncinci, amandla okusombulula ingqiqo kufuneka ajikeleziswe, kwaye iirejista zokuxilonga ze-logic, izibane zesimo, umbane wombane, amakhonkco onxibelelwano kunye nokungafuneki kufuneka kuhlolwe. Ezi tshekhi kufuneka zenziwe phambi kovavanyo lobungqina obupheleleyo.
Musa ukwenza ukucinga ukuba isoftware ilungile ngonaphakade kwaye ingqiqo ayifuni ukuvavanywa emva kovavanyo lobungqina bokuqala njengoko kungabhalwanga, okungagunyaziswanga kwaye kungavavanywanga utshintsho lwesoftware kunye nohlaziyo lwesoftware lunokuthi lungene kwiinkqubo ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye kufuneka lufakwe kwinto yakho yonke. ifilosofi yovavanyo lobungqina. Ulawulo lotshintsho, ukugcinwa, kunye nohlaziyo lwelog kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisexesheni kwaye zigcinwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ukuba ziyakwazi, inkqubo yesicelo kufuneka ithelekiswe nogcino lwamva nje.
Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwakhona ukuvavanya yonke ingqiqo yomsebenzisi encedisayo kunye nemisebenzi yokuxilonga (umzekelo, ii-watchdogs, amakhonkco onxibelelwano, izixhobo ze-cybersecurity, njl.njl.).
Uvavanyo lokugqibela lobungqina bento: Uninzi lwezinto zokugqibela zizivalvu, nangona kunjalo, izixhobo ezijikelezayo zokuqalisa iimoto, iidrive ezinesantya esiguquguqukayo kunye nezinye izinto zombane ezinje ngee-contactors kunye neziqhekeza zeesekethe nazo zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokugqibela kwaye iindlela zabo zokungaphumeleli kufuneka zihlalutywe kwaye zivavanywe ubungqina.
Iindlela eziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwiivalvu zibambekile, ixesha lokuphendula licotha kakhulu okanye likhawuleza kakhulu, kunye nokuvuza, zonke ezo zichatshazelwa lujongano lwenkqubo yokusebenza yevalve ngexesha lohambo. Ngelixa ukuvavanya ivalve kwiimeko zokusebenza kuyeyona meko inqwenelekayo, Imisebenzi ingachaswa ngokubanzi ukukhubeka i-SIF ngelixa umatshini usebenza. Uninzi lweevalvu ze-SIS zivavanywa ngexa iplanti isezantsi kunoxinzelelo lolwahlulo oluyiqanda, oluyeyona nto ifunekayo kwiimeko zokusebenza. Umsebenzisi kufuneka aqonde olona xinzelelo lubi kakhulu lokusebenza ngokwahlukileyo kunye nevalve kunye nenkqubo yokuthotywa kweziphumo, ekufuneka zifakwe kwi-valve kunye noyilo lwe-actuator kunye nobukhulu.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuhlawulela ukungavavanywa kwiimeko zokusebenza kwenkqubo, uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo lokhuseleko / i-thrust / i-torque margin yongezwa kwi-actuator ye-valve kunye novavanyo lwentsebenzo engabonakaliyo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo olusisiseko. Imizekelo yolu vavanyo lungenangqiqo kulapho ixesha lokuphendula kwevalve libekwe ixesha, indawo ekrelekrele okanye isilawuli sevalve yedijithali isetyenziselwa ukurekhoda uxinzelelo lwevalvu/igophe lendawo okanye utyikityo, okanye ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwenziwa ngexesha lovavanyo lobungqina kwaye xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo zovavanyo lwangaphambili okanye iziseko zokubona ukuthotywa kokusebenza kwevalvu, ebonisa ukusilela okunokubakho. Kwakhona, ukuba ukucinywa kuvaliwe (i-TSO) kuyimfuneko, ukuphulula nje isivalo akusayi kuvavanya ukuvuza kwaye uvavanyo lokuvuza kwevalve ngamaxesha athile luya kufuneka lwenziwe. I-ISA TR96.05.02 ijolise ekuboneleleni ngesikhokelo kumanqanaba amane awohlukeneyo ovavanyo lweevalvu ze-SIS kunye nokhuseleko lwazo oluqhelekileyo lovavanyo, ngokusekelwe kwindlela olusetyenziswa ngayo uvavanyo. Abantu (ingakumbi abasebenzisi) bayakhuthazwa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwale ngxelo yobugcisa (fota crobinson@isa.org).
Amaqondo obushushu akwi-Ambient nawo anokuchaphazela imithwalo yokukhuhlana kweevalvu, ukwenzela ukuba iivalvu zokuvavanya kwimozulu efudumeleyo ziya kuba ngowona mthwalo uncinci wokukhuhlana xa uthelekisa nokusebenza kwemozulu ebandayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvavanywa kobungqina beevalve kwiqondo lokushisa elihambelanayo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukubonelela ngedatha ehambelanayo yovavanyo olungenangqiqo ukumisela ukuthotywa kokusebenza kwevalve.
Iivalvu ezineendawo ezikrelekrele okanye isilawuli sevalvu yedijithali ngokubanzi sinakho ukwenza isiginitsha yevalvu enokusetyenziswa ukujonga ukuthotywa kokusebenza kwevalvu. Isiginitsha yevalve esisiseko inokucelwa njengenxalenye yeodolo yakho yokuthenga okanye ungenza enye ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqala lobungqina ukuze usebenze njengesiseko. Utyikityo lwevalvu kufuneka lwenziwe kuzo zombini ukuvulwa kunye nokuvalwa kwevalve. Uxilongo lwevalvu ekwinqanaba eliphezulu kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukuba lukhona. Oku kunokukunceda ukukuxelela ukuba ukusebenza kwevalve yakho kuyehla ngokuthelekisa utyikityo lwevalvu yobungqina obulandelayo kunye noxilongo kunye nesiseko sakho. Olu hlobo lovavanyo lunokunceda ukuhlawulela ukungavavanyi ivalve kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu zoxinzelelo lokusebenza.
Utyikityo lwevalvu ngexesha lovavanyo lobungqina lungakwazi kwakhona ukurekhoda ixesha lokuphendula kunye nezitampu zexesha, ukususa imfuno yesitophuwotshi. Ukunyuka kwexesha lokuphendula luphawu lokuhla kwevalve kunye nokwanda komthwalo wokukhuhlana ukuhambisa ivalve. Ngelixa kungekho migangatho malunga notshintsho kwixesha lokuphendula kwevalvu, ipateni engalunganga yotshintsho ukusuka kuvavanyo lobungqina ukuya kuvavanyo lobungqina lubonisa ilahleko enokubakho yomda wokhuseleko lwevalvu kunye nokusebenza. Uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa ivalvu ye-SIS yanamhlanje kufuneka lubandakanye utyikityo lwevalvu njengombandela wobunjineli obulungileyo.
Uxinzelelo lomoya wesixhobo sevalve kufuneka lulinganiswe ngexesha lovavanyo lobungqina. Ngelixa i-valve yasentwasahlobo yevalve yokubuyisela i-spring iyinto evala ivalve, amandla okanye i-torque ebandakanyekayo imiselwa ukuba ingakanani i-valve spring inxiniswe luxinzelelo lonikezelo lwevalvu (ngoMthetho weHooke, F = kX). Ukuba uxinzelelo lwakho lokubonelela luphantsi, intwasahlobo ayiyi kucinezela kakhulu, ngoko ke amandla amancinci aya kufumaneka ukuhambisa ivalve xa kufuneka. Ngelixa zingabandakanyiyo, ezinye zezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ekudaleni isivalo sevalvu yenkqubo yovavanyo lobungqina zinikwe kwiTheyibhile 2.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-13-2019
